Essay on Franny and Zooey and Holden Caufield - 694 Words

Holden as a Foil ti Zooey Although they are the protagonists from two separate books, Franny Glass, a teenage girl in J.D. Salinger’s Franny and Zooey, and Holden Caufield, a young man in Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye, serve as foils to each other. Both suffer unnecessarily due to their interaction with those whom they are close to, due to their relationships with themselves, as well as due to their views on the world. In the end, however Franny and Holden change their values and therefore are able to begin the healing process. Throughout Franny and Zooey, Franny perceives humans to be inherently evil. As a result, she constantly feels frustrated with the egotism and self-centeredness of the world. One of Franny’s major†¦show more content†¦For this reason, she often recites â€Å"the Jesus prayer.† Like the prayer’s namesake, Franny experiences guilt for anyone who is not completely righteous. Holden too feels responsible for the prevention of corruptness. His fantasy is to stand in a field and prevent children from falling off the edge, thus saving them from society’s imperfections. In addition, a major theme common to both books is the relationship of the protagonist to a sibling, and the healing that ensues as a result. For Franny, this healing comes about through her older brother, Zooey. In his efforts to help his sister, Zooey points out the flaws in Franny’s prayers. He shows that by becoming obsessed, Franny is acting as self-centered as the people again st which she battles. For Holden, on the other hand, it is the innocence of Pheobe, contrary to the scornfulness of Zooey, which persuades Holden that there is in fact a balance between untainted aspects of society as well as less than perfect ones. In this way, Pheobe succeeds in changing Holden’s outlook. Rather than focusing solely on the negative facets of a situation, Holden learns to take all parts into account, and not to become discouraged. Lastly, Franny and Holden can be compared and contrasted through their inner thoughts. Franny often finds herself feeling remorseful for her personal trivial harms, such as when she asks her boyfriend for the olive in his martini. When she realizes that â€Å"sheShow MoreRelated The Writings of J.D. Salinger Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesto Columbia University where he decided to become a writer. Salinger published short story collections and one novel. His best known work, The Catcher in the Rye, was published in 1951. The short stories he wrote were Nine Stories in 1953, Franny and Zooey in 1961, Raise High the Roofbeams, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction in 1963, Young Folk in 1940 and A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948. Many critics have considered J.D. Salinger a very controversial writer because of the subject

What Can Be Done to Help the Homeless Essay - 583 Words

Did you know that there are 5 times as many vacant and empty houses than there are homeless people (Truthdig)? That’s right, homeless people are sleeping and living on the streets, unknowing of the hundreds upon thousands of empty homes they could be occupying! But alas, they sleep on the streets, beg for money, and scavenge for food in dumpsters, hoping for a way to pull through for the night. Homelessness is important because there are 3.5 million homeless people on the streets, maybe even more (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). They are starving on the streets, desperate for a job and a warm place to sleep. Of those 3.5 million homeless people, 1.7 million are teenagers. 75% of all homeless teens use drugs or†¦show more content†¦The U.S. can also raise the minimum wage to help end homelessness if they decide not to lessen the prices of houses (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). There is nowhere in the U.S. that th e minimum wage is high enough to afford a market-rate one bedroom apartment (Family Promise). They could also improve health care, not only for the homeless people, but for the people in need of health care (National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness). In 2009, Barack Obama created a program to help end homelessness (National Alliance to End Homelessness). It focused on rapid re-housing and prevention of homelessness rather than soup kitchens and shelter (National Alliance to End Homelessness). But realistically, what can we do to help end homelessness? There are many things you can do to help homelessness today. One of them is volunteering at a soup kitchen to help feed the homeless (Do Something). You could tutor homeless children at shelters (National Coalition for the Homeless). You could also donate items such as food, clothes or even survival kits (National Coalition for the Homeless). Maybe you could work at a shelter to help the people running the shelter (Nat ional Coalition for the Homeless). You could even convince friends and family to help end homelessness by having them come with you (National Coalition for the Homeless)! The next time you see a homeless family or person, don’t just ignore them as ifShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jonathan Kozol s Untouchables 879 Words   |  4 Pagesthe homeless what do you think about? Do you see them and feel disgust or are you someone who wonders how and why they are where they are, or maybe, you are one of the few who want to help and who are able to. In the U.S., more than 3.5 million people experience homelessness each year and that number is growing. They are families with little children, people who are trying to escape domestic violence, people with mental illness, veterans who have served our country, and many more. From what I readRead MoreHomelessness And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pagesessay describes the hardships of homelessness and what can be done to help these peo ple. Helping the Homeless Many people have gotten to experience what life is like in big cities or small rural communities. Often times, these places have a population of wealthier people and an area of poorer families. What many do not experience is what it is like to be homeless in these places. Homeless men, women and children can be seen under bridges, on front stoops, in cars, andRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesdown upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more to just the mental perceived thoughts. I think one big cause of being in poverty or being homeless is by the choices people make. By choices I mean the way that people choose to spend their money. A budget is hard for many in this typeRead MoreThe Problem Of A Program1465 Words   |  6 Pages200 million people that are homeless, which is including the recorded 1 million children as well. This is an obvious issue because there is no need for there to be homeless when there are available resources to help them. They have programs put in place to help out the homeless, but it is not working because they do not have the resources to do everything that needs to be done.. We need to create a system or a program that receives donations that will help out the homeless individuals in China, adultsRead MoreHomelessness : Is It Difficult For People? Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesfood, and the government should step in to help control the growth of homelessness in America. Firstly, why is it difficult for people to escape homelessness ? â€Å"Because of our housing shortage, rents have gone up 28% since 2000. Over the same period, renters median incomes fell 8%. The result is an untenable situation: More than 250,000 households in Los Angeles pay 90% or more of their income on rent.† maybe drug test should be administered to homeless people for a house and food to maintain balanceRead MoreThe Problem Of Senior Homelessness1360 Words   |  6 Pagesreflects those born in this era. Being homeless, especially in these late years of life, causes for many problems related to health and mortality. Individuals under these circumstances lack mobility resulting in disability, lack health care and necessary resources such as food water and shelter, and are also put at risk to mental illnesses as well as substance abuse. While identifying the major risks associated with homelessness in the elderly population, a plan can be addressed and put into actio n toRead MoreThe Problem Of The Lgbt Homelessness852 Words   |  4 Pagesonly certain races are homeless but that is not true. Thirty nine percent of Non-Hispanic whites are homeless compared to seventy six of the general population. Forty two percent of African-Americans are homeless compared to eleven percent of the general population. Thirteen percent of Hispanics are homeless compared to nine percent of the general population. Four percent of homeless are Native-American compared to one percent of the general population. Two percent of homeless were Asians (â€Å"facts†)Read MoreThe Licking County Coalition For Housing870 Words   |  4 Pagesaverage of about 13,000 homeless people in Ohio and the number has continued to rise since then. Nearly 300 people are homeless in Licking County during any given night.(LCC Housing, 2011) The most outstanding statistic from the Licking County Coalition for Housing in 2011 was that the average age of a homeless person is the age o f only nine years old. That means, for every homeless man or women that is seen on the streets, there is two to three children who are also homeless. Families are the majorityRead MoreMental Illness, Drug And Alcohol Abuse1476 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol abuse. These are considered to be some of the main problems associated with homelessness. According to Hertlein, (2010) when it comes to the homeless, they should be able to participate in â€Å"critical role of decision-making both in leading to homelessness as well as recovering from homelessness becomes apparent in the first year of being homeless. And, the major factors underlying their decision-making include â€Å"emotional reactivity, negative entitlement, emotional/relational wounded, impulsivityRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless People1278 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless people are one of the major problems with america today, it is a very big problem that needs to be dealt with. There is more than 3.5 million homeless people in america, this includes men, women, kids, veterans, and the elderly (Home aid). 44,359 homeless people and the 26% of Angeleno residents who live in poverty -- and who are falling into homelessness at the rate of 13,000 a month† (Homeless. Hungry. Help.) ,lozz.oThis quote is important because it is true. There isn’t enough housing

Protocols for Wound Care Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Policies, procedures, and protocols for wound Care Management. Answer: Introduction According to Thomas, (1990 pp. 300-310) a wound is a break or a defect on/in the skin as a result of mechanical, physical or thermal damage. It might also develop as a result of an underlying physiological or medical disorder. Collier, (2002 pp. 55-63) it is an abnormal break in the (skin) intact and normal covering of the body. A wound is a break in the dermis or epidermis as a result of pathological changes or trauma on the skin or body, (Collins, Hampton and white 2002). Wounds can be classified according to their severity: acute, chronic, palliative, healed wounds. McCulloch, (2014) wound management involves assessing both the wound and the patient. Then planning intervention using the assessment data obtained. The third thing is regular evaluation of these interventions and lastly educating the patient and the care giver on the wound management after being discharged. The policy main aims are to guide the health care providers on having a standardized way/method/approach towards wound care which will be within the holistic framework of care. Wound healing process is one aspect of the bodys response to trauma/injury, for complete healing the whole person (holistic care) needs to be attended to not just the wound, (Dealey (2005).It was also developed so as to be of assistance to the nursing staff when managing the wounds so that they can be able to choose the appropriate dressings. The market has over 2000 types of wound dressing materials. Policies, procedures, and protocols Their purpose. All the policies formulated on wound care management have similarities. They all have similar targets. 1) Provision of a standardized approach within the holistic care framework in wound care. 2) To ensure there is the appropriate management of surgical, acute and chronic wounds. 3) To make sure that the most appropriate product for wound care is being utilized so as to achieve patient's comfort, cost effectiveness, and the most importantly optimum wound healing. 4) Its a guideline for the nurses to ensure that there are no omissions while managing the wounds that can cause lead to delayed healing or even complications (Australian Wound Management Association, 2010). 5) To help in promoting and having a coordination in systematic approaches towards wound management and ensuring that the patients quality of life is maintained while making it known to them that it is not always possible to achieve a complete healing. 5) The last common purpose of the policies and procedures towards wou nd management is to ensure that the wound care complies with all the requirements as dictated by the Health Act (2006a). It states that there should be a specific Code of professional Practice aimed at reducing the infections related/associated with healthcare (NWS Ministry of Health, Infection Control, 2007) Two different policies, procedures and protocols on Wound care management. I identified two policies on wound dressing addressing different institutions. The first one is addressing the Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals. Written by Sue Johnson who is the leading nurse in wound care and Tracy Vernon who is the lead nurse tissue viability. This policy was approved on 2012 and was recently reviewed in 2015. The second policy is the wound management procedures and policy in the community setting. The target group was NHS Walsall Community Health and Allied Health Care Professionals. It was written by Elaine Westwood and directed by the lead nurse Tissue viability. Was published in 2013. As mentioned earlier policies on wound management have similar aims although they all differ. Examples of the differences between the two policies. The first policy: the one addressing Doncaster and Bassetlaw hospital is less detailed in the procedures of the wound management; assessment, intervention, evaluation and the re-evaluation (Carville, 2014) It seems like it is a summa ry of the procedures and protocols, unlike the second policy which gives detailed information on wound management. The second difference is that the first policy has given the directives of what is to be done and by who. For example to expound on that, in case of wound infection the clinician has been directed to take samples for culture and tissue viability tests. Comparison of the two policies. Assessment There should be a comprehensive assessment of the needs and in this regard the health needs of the patient in regards to wound care. Provide a continuity of care on the wound management, it has to be a collaborative care where different nurses meet the needs of this patient. Ensure standardized approaches are the only ones used when it comes to wound care management. Have utilization of the most appropriate and optimum products in wound management which provides patients comfort and are cost effective. For patients with non-healing wounds, the priority in wound care management should be geared towards patient's comfort, pain relief, get rid of malodor and prevent hemorrhage. All these policies aim at a holistic patient and wound healing. The differences between the two are the details on assessment. The second policy is more detailed giving the protocols/procedures to be used in each step for example. Assessment can be classified into four major areas, (Morison, 1992). General factors (patient assessment) that could cause a delay in the healing of the wound. The immediate cause of the wounds (the pathophysiology behind it and also the environmental events that may have led to it). The local conditions at the wound site that is the assessment of the wound. Lastly, the effects the wound will be having on the patient that is an assessment of possible outcomes. With this assessment, the health care provider is able to identify the healing capacity of the patient, come up with a treatment plan, know and eliminate factors that delay healing of the wound. The patient assessment is thorough, as they assess all the factors that can cause a delay in wound healing. For example, the nutritional status is assessed as good nutriti on provides the raw materials for healing. Gray, D et al (2011); Medline, S (2012 pp. 12-26) states that minerals for example zinc are required for wound healing. Blood circulation is also considered as good circulation in the wounded area causes fast wound healing as there is a good supply of oxygen and nutrients to wound. Smoking habits of the patient as the chemicals in the cigarettes destroy the cells responsible for the wound healing (Krueger and Rohrick 2001). The drug therapy that the patient is on is evaluated. The immunity. Age is evaluated as older people cell replication is lower than cell death. Obesity is examined as in adipose tissues there is very poor vascularity (Mulder et al., 1998; Melling et al., 2001). The psychological status is also evaluated as in stress situations a lot of stress hormones are released causing a delay in wound healing. Anderson, (2014 pp. 84-91) diabetes, low immunity, smoking, use of corticosteroids facilitates wound healing delays. The seco nd assessment is the environment or the events surrounding the wound healing. The second policy sufficiently exploits this sector unlike the first one. Further mechanical injuries that can cause more harm on the granulation of the cells for wound healing (Pulman 2004), presences of tumors and poor hygiene. The third assessment is on the wound itself. Both policies explain how it should be assessed the first policy explains more. (Watret, 2005 pg. 18-26) it explains what to look for when assessing the wound. Wound cleansing, Wound infection, Wound dressing and selection of materials, There are similarities and differences on the guideline of how to do the above. The two agree that wound cleansing is to be done so as to remove contaminants with minimal pain to the patient and also prevent trauma to the healing tissue. The second policy explains more on cleansing. Expounds on debridement both the one that can be done at the bedside and also the surgical one. Unlike the first policy, it expounds on the exudate management from the wound. On wound infection, the second policy helps the health care provider in having a distinction between wound infection and wound colonization. Wound infections are a common hospital acquired infections (Bruce et al 2001 pg. 1-194). It explains on the dressings that are ideal for use. The choices of dressings. It has more explanation on auditing and education to the health care providers. The second policy is more comprehensive compared to the first one. It digs deeper on wound care leaving nothing unexplained. It is more rigorous than the first policy. Interpretations of the results above. The second policy(NHS Walsall Community Health and Allied Health Care professionals) is superior to the first policy(Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals) as it is a continuation of the first policy that was developed in 2004 later on amended on 2007 and now this is the polished policy. This policy was developed after the Walsall manor hospital merged with Walsall Community Health. This increased the size of the firm and also the size of the target group, unlike the first policy that serves only two hospitals (Doncaster and Bassetlaw hospitals). With a huge pool of patients, it means a presentation of more complex conditions. This could be the reasons as to why the policy is more expounded. It also covers all types of wounds and their specific wound care as the patient conditions/ presentation are more and more complex. It has a huge responsibility. The second reason as to why their policy is more superior is because more resources are available to the Walsall health care organization. They run a Walsall health fundraising committee which gathers funds to be used for patient care. The second policy is more rigorous than the first policy. Conclusion Wound care management requires a holistic approach. Treating not only the wounded part but also the whole body. Wounds are caused by several causes and without proper care, they can cause more harm to the body. There are policies, protocols, and procedures that have been formulated to aid the health care provider in wound care management. Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospital policy (the first policy) and NHS Walsall Community Health and Allied Health Care professionals' policy which is the second policy. From the above, it is clear that both policies strive to achieve the same goals the differences are on the content and the explanations on the procedures, protocols, and policies. From the two policies, they address the same issues when it comes to wound care management. The second policy is more superior and more vigorous than the first policy as it addresses more wound type and their care. It also expounds more on wound care and management. References Amin, N., (2016). Diabetic Foot disease: From evaluation of the foot at risk to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities. Vol 7(7) pg. 153-164 Anderson, K., (2014) Factors That Impair Wound Healing. J AM COLL CLIN WOUND SPEC. vol 4(4) pg.84-91 Benbow, M., (2010) Mixing and matching dressing products, Nursing standards. Vol 24(49) pg. 56-62 Carville K., (2012) Wound care manual 8th edition, Silver Chain Foundation, Perth. Dealey, C., (2005). The care oNursingf wounds: A guide for nurses. Oxford Blackwell science limited. Department of health (2006). The Health Act: A Code of Practice for the Reduction of health care associated infections. London. Department of health NSW patient Matters, Section 9 Gray D et. al. (2011) Consensus guide for the use of debridement techniques in the UK. Wounds UK. vol 7(1) Kingsley A., (2009). A proactive approach to wound infection. Nurse standards. 15th edition, vol 30, pg. 50-58. McCulloch J, et al., (2014). Wound healing. Alternatives in management. 2nd edition, Philadelphia F.A.Davis. Medlin, S., (2012). Nutrition for wound healing. British Journal of Nursing. Vol 21, issue12, pg. 12-26 Meggers, J., (2008) Defining infection in a chronic wound; does it matter? Journal of wound care. Vol 7(8). Pg. 389-392 Miller, M., Dyson, M., (2016). The principles of wound care. London Macmillan Magazine Ltd. NMC, (2008).codes of professional practice London NMC. NWS Ministry of Health (2007) infection control policy Silhi, N., (2008) A review of the diabetes-related factors that affect wound healing. The journal of wound care, Vol 7(1) pg. 47-51) The Australian Wound management Association Inc. (201

The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essay Shirley Jackson takes great care in creating a setting for the story, The Lottery. She gives the reader a sense of comfort and stability from the very beginning. It begins, â€Å"clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green.† The setting throughout The Lottery creates a sense of peacefulness and tranquility, while portraying a typical town on a normal summer day. With the very first words, Jackson begins to establish the environment for her plot. To begin, she tells the reader that the story takes place on an early summer morning. This helps in providing a focus of the typicality of this small town, a normal rural community. She also mentions that school has just recently let out for summer break, which of course allows the children to run around at that time of day. Furthermore, she describes the grass as â€Å"richly green and â€Å"the flowers were blooming profusely. These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a serene feeling about the town. The location of the square, â€Å"between the post office and the bank, proves the smallness of this town, since everything centralizes at or near the town square and it acts as the primary location for the remaining part of the story, playing a significant role at the end setting of the story. We will write a custom essay on The Lottery A Setting Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Up to this point, nothing unordinary has happened, which might later reflect an ironic ending. Eventually, small hints about the unusualness of this town are added. The author points out significant buildings that surround the town square, but fails to describe a church or a courthouse, which are common buildings to all communities. In this, there seems to be no central governing body for this town, such as a court or a police station. Also, oddly enough, these people celebrate Halloween but not Christmas, Easter or Thanksgiving, the largest holidays that normal people celebrate. However, Halloween implicates a certain proneness to defiant, evil activities. In addition, the children are building a great pile of stones in one corner of the square.† An impression of the children as normal children gathering rocks is counterbalanced by their ironical construction a massive pile of stones in one corner, as if they were punished through labor. The introduction of the black box acts as the major turning point for the setting. It symbolizes an immoral act to the villagers as â€Å"the villagers kept their distance from it. The introduction of the black box into the setting changes the mood and the atmosphere of the residents as they become uneasy around it. Furthermore, the black box changes the mood from serene and peaceful to ominous, where the moment of illumination reaches climax at the very end of the story. Through her use of subtle details in the setting, Shirley Jackson foreshadows the wicked emotional ending, which lacks official authorities, by the incoherent mentioning of stones. Indeed, the story starts to feel more and more uncomfortable, and the commonplace attitude of the townspeople remains even during the stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson. They are all unaffected by the outcome except for, obviously, the victim of their collaborate murder. Near the end, one of the women casually tells the victim to â€Å"be a goo d sport† as they slaughter her with stones. In spite of the peaceful mood created by the town setting, everyone commits a brutal act by stoning an innocent person. Throughout The Lottery, the setting plays a significant role in portraying irony in the plot. However, Shirley Jackson does not end her story with a resolution to the plot, but she illustrates the irony she sees in the world through a creative ironical setting.Indeed, the setting expresses The Lottery’s theme of a hidden reality beneath the surface of everyday lives. Bibliography:

R01306920 - 30 min Essays - Alphabet Inc., World Wide Web, Computing

R01306920 - 30 min Robert Phelan Orientation Group 4 6/30/2017 11:30 am In today's rapid fast world of information and sharing, it can be hard to determine what is correct, what is wrong, what is biased, and what is not. And to solve this vexing problem, search engines such as Google came into existence to help ease and categorize the vast wealth of knowledge on the internet and make it more readily available to others. On paper this idea sounds great, but when put into action, problems can arise involving biases and discrimination. This is what Carole Cadwalladr set out to expose, and to call on a change with our search engines and their algorithmic biases. As she states in her article, and which can even be done by going on the phone in your pocket, Google search has been tainted with all kinds of slanderous and offensive websites making such statements as "Hitler was a good guy" and "women are evil". And as Cadwalladr points out as well, these websites being so open on search engine sites is just allowing the spread of such heinous ideologies and havi ng an impact on such worldly events as the Brexit Vote and Trump being elected. But how true is this statement? Not very. Cadwalladr brings up some very valid points in which she calls on Google to rectify their maligned search results and wishes they could provide sources on education rather than hatred to the masses of people that use their website every day. And while this is certainly a goal we should all strive for with our international online community, it can only be attained by the people who use the internet. Cadwalladr repeatedly blames Google for all of these hateful search results and tries to tie in other political factors such as Trump and "Right Wing Ideology", when in reality the people who control what Google displays online or in their search bar is simply: People. Google uses all their search data and bases what you and others might search based off of the people looking things up in the geographical range around you. So when Cadwalladr tries to fabricate that there is some kind of ensuing "information War" between the bad right and the good left, there really is not much consistency there. Even in page 5 of the Article she clearly states: "Did such micro-targeted propaganda - currently legal - swing the Brexit vote? We have no way of knowing." And goes on to even say: "Did the same methods used by Cabridge Analytica help Trump to victory? Again, we have no way of knowing." After reading this, it was quite apparent that while Carole Cadwalladr meant for a positive change and spreading awareness of internet biases, she was really trying to undermine conflicting political interests with her own. Rather than trying to create a firm academic paper based around the dangers that this careless searching could provide, Cadwalladr simply tried to throw her own political beliefs and fears to her audience of readers.

Campaign Finance Reform Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Campaign Finance Reform Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Campaign Finance Reform CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM The campaign finance system is corrupted. Spending is out of control, and there are various loopholes in federal campaign finance law. Money buys access and influence, which effectively causes the majority of Americans to have no real capacity to influence public policy. State and federal legislation is needed to fight corruption and unjust influence, to ensure the publics right to know where a candidates money comes from, to enable all candidates to compete equitably in elections, and to allow maximum citizen participation in the political process. Rock the Vote believes that the McCain-Feingold Campaign Finance Reform Bill, in its current state, should be the first piece of legislation signed into law in 2001. Bolder approaches could include: reducing the duration of political campaigns; requiring television and radio stations to air campaign advertising free of charge as a condition for maintaining their broadcast licenses; barring campaign advertising from the airwaves altogether; or placing strict limits on the amounts of money that can be spent by candidates and any and all of their supporters. Rock the Vote supports passing comprehensive legislation for meaningful campaign finance reform. The Mccain-Feingold bill proposes to end the soft money system by prohibiting candidates and national political parties from raising soft money. Soft money is a financial contribution intended to be used for issues advertising that dies not advocate on behalf of, or against, a specific candidate. Political parties currently use the legality of soft-money donations as a loophole in current campaign finance law, finding ways to channel this money into candidates' campaigns. The McCain-Feingold bill prohibits state political parties from spending soft money on activities which affect federal elections, The Current practice of raising unlimited soft money contributions from contributions, unions and wealthy individuals, and then channeling this money into federal elections, would end. The national parties would be required to raise all of their funds under the limits and restrictions in the law. Rock the vote advocates the signing the McCain-Feingold bill into law. Caps must be placed on campaign finance spending. Eliminating the soft-money loophole is one way to monitor, and hopefully restrict, the influence of corporate interest on candidates.

Front Line Innovations, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Front Line Innovations, Inc - Essay Example Front Line Innovations, Inc. (FLII) provides professional management and alternative and cost effective marketing concepts, programs, and systems requirements that address concerns on customer retention, operational solutions, increased sales productivity, and increase quality of services. Incorporated in 1999, FLII combines the managerial expertise and resources of its proprietors to produce a marketing and management company and an IT company as well that would set the trend in management consultancy and alternative marketing in the industry. Investments in additional capital expenditures and manpower are put up by the shareholders as required on a per project basis. Resource tie-ups such as that with Goldplus, Converge Systems Inc., and Smart Card Solutions Inc. provide the base requirements for one of FLII's major applications involving card-based programs such as co-branded credit cards and loyalty programs. Likewise, this allows FLII to structure marketing incentive programs 'tailor-fit' for its clients. The office software set-up as well the customized software systems required for clients have been developed by FLII's technical group. FLII's current manpower complement is composed of 30 sales and marketing, processing, encoding and admininstration personnel. Industry Background Smart Cards Though a relatively new technology, smart cards have become an increasingly popular solution around the globe. A smart card is a tiny integrated-circuit chip embedded in a credit card-sized piece of plastic. The chip is what makes the card "smart" as it allows a lot more information to be stored and carried in the card compared to the standard magnetic-stripe card (Verifone, 1996). Smart cards have been used to solve a variety of problems ranging from serving as a platform for frequent-shopper electronic loyalty programs, to providing a highly secure and convenient automated currency option, to enabling cost-effective healthcare and entitlement programs. Electronic Loyalty Programs With the intense competition that characterizes retailing worldwide, forward-looking retailers have been turning to card-based electronic loyalty programs to attract new customers and retain their current customer base. Smart cards have the opportunity to play a major role in electronic loyalty programs. Electronic loyalty programs use a retailer's POS system to track purchases made with credit, debit, smart cards or a retailer's proprietary card. Consumers can be rewarded for their continued patronage with discounts, free items, bonus points or other incentives. Experience has shown that such programs encourage repeat business and boost sales for the merchant (Verifone, 1996). The primary business of FLII is developing a loyalty program system integrator to enable the smart card to work with a retailer's POS or any other tracking system. With the system, they are able to capture customer information from pre to post sales operations. Thus, FLII's core value lies on its ability to develop this type of proprietary software which is tailored to the

An argumentative literary analysis on one or more works by a Research Paper

An argumentative literary analysis on one or more works by a particular author or comparative analysis of several works on a sim - Research Paper Example After ‘existing’ in that confused, constricted and compulsion state, individuals including the characters in fictions could undergo self-realization. In those scenarios, self-realization will be like the opening of the ‘inner eye’ of the individual, which will take them on a positive and best path. It can also be considered as a moment, when a big ‘confusion mass’ or guilt that may be occupying and constricting an individual’s mind has ‘evaporated’ for good. The confusion in the mind of Oedipus in Oedipus Rex, compulsion for Nora Elmer in A Doll’s House and constriction in the mind of Laura in The Glass Menagerie all get evaporated, when these fictional characters undergo self-realization. So, this paper will analyse how these three characters get entangled in a mess, and after a struggling phase, undergo self-realization, thereby enlightening them with mixed results. 2. Oedipus Rex and Self-Realization Oedipus Rex is about the life and the tragic death of Oedipus who after becoming the King of Thebes, dies a tragic death after undergoing self-realization. Oedipus was born to King Laius of Thebes and Queen Jocasta, but was cared by foster parents, Polybus and Merope, as King Laius feared that the prophecy of being killed by his own son could come true. The prophecy in a way gets actualized when Oedipus due to uncontrollable circumstances kills King Laius without knowing that King Lauis was his biological father, setting the stage for future confusions and self-realizations. The other prophecy of Oedipus marrying his mother also came true, when he married Queen Jocasto on the account of him becoming the king of Thebes, after solving the Sphinx riddle. When he comes to know about these crimes, or immoral acts, he goes into a state of confusion as well as depression, but also at the same time self-realization. That is, he was sure that he can find Laius killers and thereby prevent the onslaught of p lague, but this confidence turned into weakness when he comes to know the profound truth that he is the killer of Lauis. So, when the ‘recognition’ happens, the self-realization also occurs, with Oedipus transforming from a strong king to a weak blind man. He laments, â€Å"I, Oedipus, damned in his birth, in his marriage damned, Damned in the blood he shed with his own hand† (Sophocles 123).The affect this event had on Oedipus as discussed above also bordered on tragedy. On coming to know about the truth and after undergoing self-realization of his crimes and conduct, Oedipus as form of self-justice blinds himself with the golden brooches found on his mother’s dress. He blinds himself, as he did not want to see the miseries that his actions have brought upon him. â€Å"The alternative of suicide is directly before him. He takes up her golden pins...blinds himself. It is Sophocles point that Oedipus sees two possibilities and chooses the harder and more p ainful course† (Smith 92). Talking about the pace of the â€Å"recognition†, in the case of Oedipus, it happened suddenly. That is, although he wanted to know the real killers of Lauis for a long time, he comes to know about the truth from messengers and Servants, and when he hears the death of Jocasto immediately, he undergoes self-realization, leading to death. â€Å"Salvation becomes annihilation; the tragedy does not take place in the hero's downfall, but rather in the fact that man meets his demise along the very path he took up to escape his demise.†

Sports Economics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports Economics - Case Study Example (FAI) The history also cited about the growth of the football clubs, among them was the Ulster based Protestant Clubs which later found to have clamored especially when selecting sides for international matches. This had led to the rising of nationalism in 1916 that had pushed the Southern affiliates to take an aggressive approach in their dealings with IFA.(FAI) During this time also, there was always a threat of breakaways of member clubs which created crisis with in the IFA interfere in the final game of two teams in favor of another football club. This conflict led to the formation of football association of the Irish Free State in the meeting of Southern Association Clubs in 1921 in Molesworth in Dublin. This was apparently to prevent the break ups of the different football clubs. Nevertheless, it did not help improve the situation and FAIFS were blacklisted by all the Home Nations Associations.(FAI) But anyhow, the FAI and the League of Ireland has merged forming a new national football league system which is now the FAI Eircom League of Ireland. This new system has ended the 1921 inaugurated administration system run by the league of clubs and replaced it with a new system under the management of FAI, which created their own management system in the promotion of matches as well as in granting of specific licenses. This paper therefore aims to evaluate this new licensing system under FAI Eircom League.(FAI) Brief Summary of the FAI Eircom New System of Management and Licensing Under the FAI Eircom League system, the league contains 22 clubs and is split into two divisions. The premier division consists of twelve teams, and the FAI first division consists of ten teams. These teams were formerly playing under the old league which was invited to play but they first have to undergo an independent assessment on the following: criteria, the scoring and the detailed breakdown notes, as discussed in the Wikipedia. The criteria involves the 2002/03 - 2005 seasons, the 2006 seasons, infrastructure, governance and finance, sustainability, benchmarking, youth and development, and strategic planning. Target markets which items with corresponding scores of 30%, 20%, 10%, 15%, 15%, 10% respectively. Those first twelve teams who got high percentages on scoring and on the detailed analysis for each of the criteria attains an A license and therefore will be in premiere division. While the remainder gets the B license and will compose the FAI First Division. As the FAI Eircom League Independent Assessment reports, "the 21 clubs which took part in the process were ranked on the basis of points scored as a result of their achievements over the past five seasons on the pitch and they measured up against specific criteria."(Wikipedia) The Licensing system Participation in the FAI Eircom League was subject to "granting of specific participation licenses," as emphasized in the rules of licensing of FAI. Those who attains the A license participates in premiere division, while those who gets the B license play in FAI first division. According to UEFA, this license to participation is "an attempt to maintain a consistent standard of quality as well as promote development." There are also rules that clubs must sign in order to

Urban Development in Beijing

Urban Development in Beijing Since China’s emergence as one of the greatest economic engines of the world, Beijing has seen a meteoric rise as one of the economic, political, social and cultural centers of the East Asian sector. Not only is Beijing the capital of China, and the seat of power of the Communist regime, it is also home to one of the largest and most dense populations on the planet. With almost 15 million residences residing in the city it is the 24th largest city in the world and fourth in density. While Beijing has always held a position of importance as the residence of Chinese emperors and past political regimes, it has taken on numerous new responsibilities and roles as part of the globalized world. The growth of this region and specifically the shift within China’s furious economic growth has resulted in the escalation of urban development within Beijing. Beijing has had to become a â€Å"modern city† almost overnight, while still capturing the history and culture of Chinaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s past. Stuck between two worlds, Beijing faces a unique challenge in its urban development. The following analysis will pursue an understanding of Beijing’s urban development strategies as well as the motivations behind them. Beijing has become a hub of urban infrastructure and development. Every aspect of the city has been transformed in the past decade. By 2003, Beijing’s overall infrastructure has reached a total fixed investment of 26.06 billion dollars, and continues to grow at more than 15 percent per annum (CDB, 2005). The city is beginning to develop complicated networks of transportation, communication, ventilation, sewage, etc. Before a detailed analysis of the actual implementation of urban development and its problems, an understanding of the underlying reasons behind Beijing’s reasons for rapid urban development must be reached. There are three key factors that are currently fueling Beijing’s rapid growth towards becoming an ultra mod ern urban center. One of the primary reasons for the break neck speed of growth in Beijing has been the explosive population growth that has been occurring. Despite strong measures in place such as the â€Å"Five Year Plan† and the â€Å"One Child Policy†, Beijing has continued to experience strong growth due to both its urban population and underground migratory movements. Beijing grew from 13 million in 2000 to almost 15 million by 2005, growth is projected to increase to 18 million by 2010 (Beijing Review, 2005). These growth figures furthermore do not reflect accurately the current number of migrant workers living Beijing illegally. Analysts have projected the actual population of Beijing to be more than 17 million when counting all illegal and undocumented individuals living within the city (Beijing Review, 2005). Beyond local residence, there also has been a growth in immigration to Beijing as a result of its emergence as an international hub. Immigration per year has increased by over 25 percent since 2000, especially from other WTO nations (CDB, 2005). This population crunch is one of the motivating factors behind the need for urban development and infrastructural development. Another catalyst for urban development has been the shifting economic situation within Beijing. As a result of globalization and heavy industrialization, the standard of living and general economic circumstance of Beijing residences have increased dramatically. In 2005, Beijing’s nominal GDP grew to 84 billion USD, a yearly growth rate of 11.1%, and its GDP per capita also grew by 8.1 percent. The combination of available technology and influx of wealth has meant that residence of Beijing are demanding higher quality of life, increases in standards and a general improvement in overall welfare of their city. The result has been both a public and private response to economic changes within Beijing by an expanding urban infrastructure as well as private investment in real estate development. At the same time, the government has realized the need to modernize the city to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), for this purpose they have begun reinventing business districts and co nstructing immense building projects to modernize the city (CDB, 2005). The combination of Beijing as the pride of China, its economic center, and socio-economic mobility has become one of the push catalysts for urban development. A final reason for urban development, especially in the past two years has been Beijing’s impending 2008 Summer Olympics. Termed by the Chinese government as the â€Å"coming out party† of the Chinese juggernaut, the city has moved at a fervent pace to construct new additions to stadiums, upgrades and renovations as well as providing the infrastructure, residential, and tourism needs of future visitors. The projected cost of the Beijing Olympics will exceed 54 billion Yuan, or more than 6 billion USD (Beijing Review, 2005). Beijing has taken on numerous urban development projects in order to improve their city before the Olympics begin. A new subway transportation system is being built uniquely for the Olympics, and transportation channels su ch as road improvements, highways and numerous other changes have been enacted as a result. New building and housing projects, including the construction of stadiums, hotels, and other accommodations from both public and private investments have transformed the city. The result of the impending Olympics is that it has led to a dramatic shift in the urban development strategy of Beijing. Beijing’s urban development infrastructure has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. Beijing is divided into circular zones separated by â€Å"rings†, as the city expands more rings are built around the original center of the city, Tiananmen Square. At the inception of the People’s Republic, Beijing only had two such rings, the limits of its urban sprawl extended to the 2nd Ring Road. With the expansion of business, population and economic necessity, Beijing has now extended itself beyond a fifth ring, and is currently constructing a sixth ring. In less than two decades, the scope of this city has increased by more than eight hundred percent. Much of the former countryside and rural regions have been annexed by the city and turned into urban sprawl. Former farmlands have been converted into industrial centers, electronic hubs and business districts. Beijing has had to construct specific regions for the expansion of foreign businesses, the demands for incubation zones for Intel, IBM, Microsoft and other software and hardware giants have forced Beijing to construct a separate business sector away from its central city. The inevitable result of this expansion is that Beijing has been confronted with a myriad of problems including very poor traffic control, air pollution and the destruction of traditional and cultural landmarks. In order to confront this problem, Beijing has decided to stop infrastructural expansion in concentric rings and instead expand within circular bands outside of the city center. In order to combat the growing population and need to expand, Beijing has begun a policy of organized infrastructural improvement. It has committed over 20 billion USD to improving the interconnectivity of its road networks and expanding highways around the city. Beijing development officials have cited two specific goals for improvi ng traffic, air quality and general congestions. Beijing will develop a state of the art public transportation system as well as expand its current system of roads and highways. It has also expanded the development of their 15 billion USD airport system on the outskirts of Beijing. The purpose of expanding their transportation infrastructure is to allow construction to accommodate growth to occur both vertically and horizontally (Lillian, 2007). Beijing wishes to follow an urban development much like Shanghai, Shenzhen and many other Western cities. The hope is that the city can divide itself into zones with vertical growth to limit city sprawl and increase centralization of institutional districts. For this purpose, Beijing has already begun building an incredible robust subway system. The Beijing government has invested 8 billion USD to the development of its subway infrastructure, adding ten different traffic lines crossing throughout the city (Tang, 2006). In an effort to vastly improve their public transportation, Beijing has even conceded to private investment to commission and build their transportation system. The combination of construction, transportation expansion, and general growth has also lead to a challenging urban energy situation. Growth in population has outpaced projections on water, electricity and natural gas usage. Current water treatment plants are already working at over capacity with the anticipation of seeing almost 2.5 million more temporary residents within the city for the 2008 Olympics (Tang, 2006). Development plans to mitigate problem has been to pioneer a state of the art water treatment facility and system on the outskirts of Beijing along the Shanxi Province. Water will be brought from over 180 kilometers away through an underground pipeline and carefully processed before going into the city (Tang, 2006). This will alleviate the pressure of current water processing centers. In addition, Beijing is currently investing in sewage transportation networks that run along the infrastructure of this system, specifically linking it to the expansion of the city sprawl. Ur ban development in Beijing has raised numerous problems for the Beijing municipality, its government and populace. Air quality in Beijing is ranked as one of the five worst in the world (Tang, 2006). During the summer months, the majority of residence has to wear protective masks to prevent debris and air pollution to harm their lungs. The rise in population and the lack of a strong traffic control system has meant that air pollution has increased by more than 10 percent per annum. An attempt to solve this problem through road expansion and public transportation has been only marginally successful. Beijing is expected to have to halt the majority of traffic for up to two weeks in order to clear the air pollution for the Beijing Olympics. In addition, the massive urban development plans of the city have required significant man power. This has led to an even greater influx of undocumented migrant workers. Illegal immigration and residence within Beijing has caused a further taxing of overworked sewage and water treatment plants as well as inhumane living conditions within the area. Millions of illegal residents flow in and out of the city looking for low end labor. Since they are basically unmonitored and unnoticed, their treatment is oftentimes cruel and abusive while receiving minimal compensation. Corruption is another major concern as a result of urban development, numerous officials have been investigated and prosecuted for receiving monetary incentive to give out lucrative government contracts, but with so much growth it is hard for the government to monitor all aspects of government. The most important and enduring problem however is the destruction of the rural countryside and culturally important regions. Beijing’s growth has already consumed thousands of hectares of farmland in the surrounding areas. Destruction of historically significant sites such as the protective rim of the Great Wall has become major concerns as the city continues to expand (Lillian, 2007). Numerous monasteries, cultural centers, traditional gardens, etc. have been destroyed as a result of urban development plans. Solutions to these problems are not immediately evident. Beijing’s current strategy follows the national one of â€Å"expansion first, reform later† (Lillian, 2007). As a result, pollution, environment damage, cultural deteriorates have almost all become secondary to the monumental growth of the nation’s economy and industry. Beijing has attempted to take some steps to prevent the further spread of urban development problems however. Their current road projects will reduce traffic congestions and it plans to limit the number of vehicles allowed within city limits once construction of public transportation has completed construction. Beijing already claims to have reduced air pollution by 1.9 percent in the past year and will continue to pursu e a policy of pollution reduction in the future. The establishment of immigration registration centers, and increase of police monitoring of migrant labor are positive steps towards documenting all migrant workers and ensuring that they meet basic standards of living (Tang, 2006). Already, a massive part of the current living standards reform centers on providing housing for migrant laborers within the Beijing area and specifically creating a worker’s code to formalize the process of hiring and caring for migrant laborers. In addition, Beijing has established a special commission to investigate and identify cultural and traditional regions, parks, buildings, etc. for special government protection and reconstruction. This project has already restored over fifty parks within the Beijing area as well as maintaining the famous Summer Palace. Restoration projects of Beijing’s most famous relics such as the Forbidden City has been in effect since 2005, and will prepare Beijing for the tourism boom of the 2008 Olympics. Urba n development in Beijing has at times appeared sporadic and organic in nature. The population boom combined with the increased importance of the city as an international economic, political and social center has made its development inevitable and at times chaotic. Not only has Beijing urban expansion taking place horizontally and vertically, it has encompassed every level of its development at an infrastructural level. The construction of business and economic zones and incubators along with expansion of residence areas have increased the city limits eight fold. This has been accompanied by transportation infrastructure improvements, water treatment and waste disposal systems, and the improvement of the general urban conditions of all individuals within Beijing. The problems that Beijing faces with urban development are numerous; many of them are inevitable problems of expansion. However, Beijing has taken many positive steps to cautiously approach expansion and development in orde r to limit mistakes and encourage healthy growth. By the 2008 Olympics, Beijing will be one of the most modern cities in the world, by then its urban development will rival that of any western capital and become a stalwart of the East Asian region. Bibliography: Beijing CBD. (2005). CBD Planning and Urban Development of Beijing. Available: CBD Planning and Urban Development of Beijing. Last accessed 21 July 2007. NA. (2005). Beijing History. Available: http://www.beijingeguide.com/history.php. Last accessed 21 July 2007. NA. (2007). Thousand Cities, One Face the â€Å"third round of havoc†. Available: http://www.beijingnewspeak.com/category/urban-development/. Last accessed 21 July 2007. TANG YUANKAI. (2006). Slaking an Olympic Thirst. Available: http://www.bjreview.com.cn/lianghui/txt/2006-12/12/content_57437.htm. Last accessed 21 July 2007. Lillian M. Li (2007). Beijing : From Imperial Capital to Olympic City. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. all. Beijing Municipal Urban Construction Comprehensive Development Office (1994). Residential Construction in Beijing. Beijing: China Constructional Industry Press. all.

Gender Mainstreaming in Canada Essays -- Politics, Gender Equality

Canada is a signatory to the United Nations Platform of Action which specifies the mainstreaming of gender into programs, into policy processes, and into decision making in order to achieve gender equality. Since the adoption of the Platform of Action at the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, gender mainstreaming has gained wider acceptance among governments and other stakeholders (Woodward, 2008). The aim of gender mainstreaming is to ensure that gender components are considered in all sectors that affect the society (Status of Women Canada, 2007). Purpose It has been argued that gender mainstreaming is a potent approach that can transform how public policies are made by challenging existing policy paradigms and setting new policy priorities (Woodward, 2008). However, there has been a lack of evidence to support that gender mainstreaming exist in Canada. Therefore, whether Canada’s gender equality approach is gender mainstreaming or not is open for discussion. This discussion paper examines this issue by exploring the gender equality approaches adopted by Government of Canada. The challenges of implementing gender mainstreaming are highlighted, and finally recommendations are made. Definitions The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) defines gender mainstreaming as: â€Å"a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality" (ECOSOC, 1997). The Status of Women Canada defines gender ba... ...he Government of Canada’s gender equality approach has been unable to interrogate already accepted analytical starting points (Paterson, 2010). The approach operates in a system of technology of rule, so there is no way the impact of the institutional structures can be separated from the policy outcomes. In this regard, gender equality analysis has become the government’s technology of rule (Prugl 2011). Summary and Recommendations To actualise gender mainstreaming, there is need to reposition the current gender equality approach from being a policy tool to an integrative approach that can change the institutional structures. The current gender equality approaches in Canada lack the potential of changing the current institutional practices. The current equality policy mix is a mainstreaming of gender based analysis and not gender mainstreaming (McNutt, 2010).

Nj carrers

www.njcarrers.com   is   a   web   directory   of   its   kind   that   claims   to   provide   career   related   information,   when   you   need   it.   Unlike   casual   surfing   on   the   net,   when   one   is   looking   for   crucial   information,   the   approach   is   to   locate   what’s   true   and   up   to   date. Njcareers.com   comes   across   as   such   a   website. However,   with   the   good,   there   are   a   few   thorns   that   hurt   the   eye. The   first   thing   to   note   about   njcareers.com   is   that   it   Ã‚  is   compact   and   aims   to   provide   a   great   deal   of   information , which   is   the   objective   of   any   web   directory.   The   information   is   clearly   listed   under   precise   categories. There   are   popular   categories   and   links   on   the   home   page   that   cover   a   variety   of career   topics   such   as   job   search,   career opportunities,   career education,   top   companies,   work   at   home,   and   more. So   the   site   works   well   enough   as   a   one-stop   resource   for   links   to   other   websites   relevant   to   the   search   that   is   being   conducted.   Titled   www.njcareers.com,   it   leads   one   to   rightly   assume   that   the   directory   concerns   itself   with   being   a   resource   pool   for   career   opportunities.   The   website   has   links   to   several   websites   on   as   many   topics   related   to vocational   help,   education,   employment   etc.   Thus,   it   is   absolutely clear   why   the   website   exists   and   exactly   what   information   it   is   trying   to   provide. However,   the   website   is   a   maze   and   a   tad   confusing!   The   main   Ã‚  page   displayed   no   doubt   provides   ample   number   of   links   to   websites   that not   only   provide you   career   options and   job   openings,   but   information   regarding specializations,   career skills,   business schools,   training   and   work   at   home   opportunities,   but   there   is   no   link  Ã‚   back   to   the   home   page. You   may   continue   from   page   to   page,   but   there   is   no   way   of   getting   back   to   where   you   started, other   than   continuously   clicking   â€Å"back†Ã‚   on   the   browser   window.   Moreover,   explanatory   text   is   missing. There   is   no   clue   as   to   the   aim,   vision   and   objective   of   the   website,   which   must   be   mentioned   on   the   home   page   to   assure   a   visitor   that   you   mean   business!   Furthermore,   the   inclusion   of   separate   tabs   for   career   related   articles,   forums   etc   would   have   been   quality   additions   to   the   website. Next,   there   is   no   â€Å"About Us†Ã‚   or   â€Å"Contact Us†Ã‚   page   included   in   the   website,   which   means,   there   is   no   way   of   finding  Ã‚   out   who   made   the   website.   There   is   no   contact   information  Ã‚   either,   such   as   the   physical   address,   phone   number   or   even   an   e-mail.   There   is   also   no   clue   as   to   when   the   website   was   last   updated. These   factors   seriously   affect   the   credibility   of   the   website. A   good   point   to   be   noticed   is   the   uniformity   of   colour   and   font   throughout   the   website.   The   pages   within   the   website   do   look   similar   and   the   spacious   backdrop   and   organized   listing   of   categories,   gives   the   consumer   a   clear   view   of   what   information   is   available   to   him.   In   addition,   the   content   though   minimalist,   is   superior   with   no   spelling   or   grammar   errors.   Also,   adding   to   the   quality   of   the   website   is   the   fact   that   it   is   free   of   any   advertisement   banners,   and   thus   seems   unbiased   as   a   web   directory.   Although   the   website,   for   reasons   already   stated,   confuses   as   to   its   objective,   it   is   ea sy   to   find   the information   one   needs,   right   on   the   very   first   page. Njcareer.com   is   definitely   usable   and   accessible   if  Ã‚   a   visitor   manages   to   get   past   the   first   confusion.   It   definitely  Ã‚   has   links   to   information   that   the   visitor   may   want   to   get   a   look   at.   The website   is   uncluttered,   fast   but   also   dull and   unattractive.   It   does   not   look   like   a   fun,   interactive   place   to   be!   It   is   easy   to   navigate   but   only   going   forward   without   any   links   to   the   home   page   or   any   other   main   page   of   the   website. Also,   the   lack   of   a   sitemap   may   irritate   any   visitor! www.njcareers.com   can   definitely   do   better   to   increase   the   number   of   visitors   to   the   website   and   make   it   easier   for   the   users   to   readily   find  Ã‚   what   they   are   looking   for,   thus   enhancing   their   overall   experience.   This   will   encourage   more   and   more   return   visits!   Students,   professionals,   businessmen   and   homemakers   can   actively   use   the   sight,   once   the   tiny   flaws   have   been   rectified.   www.njcareers.com   will then   operate   as   an   efficient   online   career   information   service   provider,   which   is   not   only   enjoyable   but   in   which   visitors   can   have confidence. References www.njcareers.com/   

In What Ways Do you Consider Decline and Fall To Be A Comic Novel Essays

In What Ways Do you Consider Decline and Fall To Be A Comic Novel Essays In What Ways Do you Consider Decline and Fall To Be A Comic Novel Essay In What Ways Do you Consider Decline and Fall To Be A Comic Novel Essay Essay Topic: Literature Evelyn Waugh has wrote the book Decline and Fall as a statement of what he felt was wrong with the English society in the 1920s. This is reflected through his book using a very dry and ironic humour. The novel is very much satirical, with the main character, Paul Pennyfather, satirising the English culture. In order to show this, I have chosen two events in the book, and I will focus on how Evelyn Waugh makes them comic. The two I have chosen are the sports day and the restoration of Kings Thursday house. To set the scene, in the first part of the novel, Paul Pennyfather had been dismissed from the Oxford University he had been studying at. He needed a job, so he went to work as a teacher at a public school. Unfortunately, he was sent to work at the awful llanabba Castle School. The teachers were all frauds, and their teaching methods were chaotic. The school is generally a disaster. This is Waughs way of saying the schooling system in England is a shambles. One of the events that is particularly funny is the sports day. The first humour comes in the ironic speech made by Dr Fagan, where he says During the last 14 years at this school, there have been six sports days and two concerts, all of which have been utterly disastrous. This is again commenting on how bad the school is. The teachers start talking about how well presented this years sports day is. Then, quite ironically Paul comments Nothing seems to have been done about marking out the ground. Imagine the ensuing chaos as boys ran frantically round, with the teachers setting their own race distances! As for the newly delivered hurdles, they were only Five feet high and were painted green with spikes. So the doctor, in a very sarcastic manner says It seems they have sent the wrong sort. The sports day starts to turn into a disaster. The Doctor says he wants there to be some style involved in the event. When he asks for a starting pistol, Philbrick pulls out his enormous revolver. He then says careful, its loaded. This made me laugh, what sort of school sports day uses a loaded revolver as a starting pistol? The then band arrives. Described by Waugh as men of revolting appearance. He said they were like a loping tread of wolves and ape-like. Philbrick then says Loonies! This is where I shoot. The teachers then find out that it is the band the school have booked. This was very ironic. Dr Fagans insulting comment regarding the bands Welsh nationality, then began insulting the bands nationality, they mate freely with the sheep. Further enhances the comedy of the situation. As the first race started, Mr Prendergast managed to shoot one of the boys in the foot. This was very dry humour coming into play as the book says clearly Tangent was not going to win. This was yet another sarcastic yet very funny line. The second part I will be focusing on is the re-building of Kings Thursday House. Margot Beste-Chetwynde owned the country house and it was in desperate need of restoration. It had not been changed for hundreds of years, but it was still a remarkable house. The house went up for sale and it was bought by Lord Pastmasters sister-in-law. The first ironic humour to hit this chapter it when Waugh is describing how Margot visited the house she owned for the first and only time. She said it was worse than I thought, whilst all the villagers who lived nearby almost worshipped the house. This shows a definite class distinction in Waughs writing. Margot decided to re-store the house, so she employed an architect who was given the instruction Something clean and square. So basically Margot wanted to change everything good about the house. The comic part in this section of the book is the interview by a journalist, with the architect. He is criticising his own profession, by saying I dont think it is possible to make architecture beautiful. Pessimistically he says Man is never beautiful, He says. My impression of this man is a crazy pessimistic architect who is a failure. The journalist realises this and tries a different approach by asking how much he expects to earn out of the job. The man replies by saying fuel. This made me laugh because here is yet another aspect of English society that in Waughs mind is a failure art. The architect carries on being pessimistic by saying in a gloomy voice I suppose there will have to be a staircase, why cant people just stay in one place? He then has another dig at humans by saying that they dont stay still and work. Followed by another amusing comment Do dynamos require staircases? Do monkeys require houses? He then goes on about how the human race is immature, self-destructive and half-formed. I think the man fails to realise he is a human himself. He is the complete opposite of what an architect should be full of ideas and full of life. Whereas this man is a sarcastic, unhappy and uncreative architect. This is what makes him such a failure, and ultimately what makes his character funny. Waugh has therefore displayed this event in an ironically amusing context. Although I have only focused on two parts in the novel, the same theme runs throughout the book. Waugh makes it clear that he thinks the English culture is a complete shambles. He has taken some quite serious events in Paul Pennyfathers life, and managed to make them interesting, and above all very amusing. In my view, Evelyn Waugh is a great comic novelist.

Anxiety Disorder What Student Should Know

Anxiety Disorder What Student Should Know Mental Health Issues. Anxiety Stress and anxiety are a common part of life for most people. However, when your anxiety impedes your ability to perform everyday activities and causes immense stress and fear, probably you have a mental disorder. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, it is the most common mental issue that affects 40 million individuals aged over 18. 75% of them experience it before they turn 22. Unfortunately, only one-third of these people seek help. Specialists know about different types of anxiety disorders, such as:Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): severe one that impedes everyday activities Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): irrational fears, thoughts, and obsessions that result in compulsions and repetitive behaviors Panic disorder: fearfulness, frequent bouts of panic and terror Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): alarming symptoms after witnessing a shocking event Social anxiety disorder (SAD): everyday feelings of irrational fear, anxiety, and embarrassmentSymptoms Symptoms of all types of anxiety disorders can be mistaken for stress or other physical ailments. In order to treat them properly, these disorders have to be diagnosed correctly. The common symptoms of anxiety disorders that need attention of a specialist include:Excessive everyday stress Trouble concentrating Fearfulness Irritability Shortness of breath Muscle pains Headaches Frequent diarrhea or upset stomachIn case you regularly experience these symptoms, you should see a specialist in your campus. They will determine how serious is your anxiety and assign a treatment, if necessary. Recognizing The Signs Its essential to timely recognize the symptoms of anxiety in yourself or your friend to implement actions and treat it. Remember: in case your or your friends anxious feelings are brief and occasional, it doesnt necessarily mean an ailment. But if they persist and worsen, the professional help is required. How to Notice Signs of an Anxiety Disorder in a Friend? See if your friend has any of the following signs:Living in a constant fear of failing socially or academically Being extremely anxious and embarrassed in social situations Having difficulty with concentrating Being overwhelmed with stress or guilt Having panic attacks Being unable to cope with a recent tragic eventIn case you see any of these symptoms in your friend, provide him with your support. Talk to him, listen attentively and help find professional assistance. Never criticize or judge him. If your friend doesnt want to seek treatment, consult a specialist yourself to see how you can help. How Do You Notice Signs of an Anxiety Disorder in Yourself? If your anxiety is minor and caused by your exams, probably you dont have to worry. But you have to distinguish the difference and correctly detect the alarming symptoms, such as:Having the symptoms that impede your school and social life Avoiding social activities Having anxiety or troublesome thoughts daily Being riddled with guilt Having irrational fears Experiencing sudden panic attacksIn case you have any of the above mentioned signs, dont hesitate to consult a healthcare provider. Remember that you have to be serious about your mental wellness. Anxiety Resources People who need help in coping with their anxiety disorder might consider the assistance provided by the following organizations:Anxiety and Depression Association of America aims to prevent, treat, and help better understand anxiety and depression; offers special mobile applications for coping with the disorder American Psychological Association aims to benefit society by contributing to the psychological awareness and giving insight into the innovative treatment of anxiety disorders Anxiety Resource Center offers a blog, a large amount of education materials and newsletters to keep you aware of innovations in treatment and prevention of anxiety Social Anxiety Association provides information on the treatment of anxiety, advice on finding a specialist, updates on relevant researches and links to support groups Beyond OCD aims to support individuals who suffer from OCDPersistent anxiety can be an alarming sign. So pay attention to yourself and your friends to get timely help. Remember that your mental health is in your hands.

Report 1500 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report 1500 words - Essay Example Social factors are those which include the family backgrounds, the geographical areas, the socio-economic classes, and other factors relating to types of schools, teachers, and education. Primary schools in the UK suffer many social factors influencing the provision of education because UK is a multicultural society with various socio-economic classes, different types of schools such as private and public, and several family backgrounds. Schools teach socializing to students and give them common values according to which they develop their personalities away from their ethnic, cultural, or economic backgrounds (Hawkins, 2012, p. 116). However, at times the social factors intervene in the provision of education to students and affect their nurturing. There are some schools that are private and some public which affects the provision of education. Private schools consist of the students who belong to higher socio-economic classes. Such schools have teachers who provide high quality education to students and focus on their designed plans and curriculums; in addition to giving students ethical and religious values that would bring them closer to humanity and developing a strong personality. Public schools provide primary education to students coming from all sorts of social backgrounds. Even though these schools have governors, leaders, managers, and staff members who are continually monitored by the government, they often fail to minimize the differences between students. At times, language barriers and ethnic differences affect the provision of education in public schools as they are located in districts which ofte n have people from the same cultures, or people from diverse cultures (Sylva, 2010, p. 56). Socio-economic factors deal with the areas where the schools are located. Some students are situated in areas where there are ethnic minorities whereas some are located in low socio-economic areas. These

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Management - Essay Example Performance management is a process that came into the scene during the period of 1980s and continues to impact the business environment (Armstrong, 1998, p.47). This research paper will focus on the topic of performance management while focusing specifically on the subjects of its definitions, purpose, benefits as well as methods used to conduct this process. Definition of Performance Management Researchers have provided the world of business with several definitions of performance management. For example: Samsonowa defines performance management as a process that is conducted on continuous basis in order to attain the objective of improving individual’s performance of tasks while involving activities including setting of goals, providing feedback along with reinforcing behavior as well as training of employees (Samsonowa, 2011,p.33). According to this definition the process of performance management is conducted with the sole aim of enhancing individual task performances by providing certain aims and targets to employees for achievement and ensuring that these targets are met by providing training and development to employees and if employees fail to attain those targets, they are provided with further training and development in order to decrease their performance gaps. The definition even pays emphasis to involvement of feedback, rewards as well as punishments in order to reinforce behavior. This means that with the assistance of performance management, employers first identify how well employees have performed and if they perform according to set targets and standards, they are provided with rewards to ensure that similar behavior occurs again in future and if they fail to attain targets they are punished in order to ensure that certain behaviors are not repeated. Purpose of Performance Management The process of performance management and creation of performance management systems is done on the basis of either one or of the two purposes or for both the purposes including administrative/decision making purposes and developmental purposes (Smither, 2009). When performance management is conducted for the purpose of decision making/administrative purposes the aim of the organization is to use the process to document the performance of individual employees and to make decision regarding the rewards and punishments to be offered to employees. The rewards and punishments that might be offered to employees on the basis of the process of performance management may include promotion or downgrade of an employee from one position to another increasing or decreasing compensation and benefits of the employees in order to either reinforce their performance or encourage them to perform better in future. On the other hand when the purpose of conducting performance management is developmental in nature, current performance of individuals is compared to either historical performance or set targets and if a difference between current and budgete d performance is figured out, employees are provided training and development in order to close the gap in performance levels. Both purposes have their own strengths and the purposes cannot be rated in order to figure out which purpose is more effective and efficient. Advantage of the Process of Performance Management One of the main benefits of performance m

Education Philosophy and Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education Philosophy and Rationale - Essay Example Multiple Intelligences as a Personal Education Philosophy On a personal perspective, the theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI) by Howard Gardner is the main basis of teaching philosophy. This is one the basis of the recognition of the capabilities of the students in terms of achieving the basic objectives of the teaching and learning process. The theory of Multiple Intelligences can be considered essential as a guide in enabling the educator to recognize the needs of the students in terms of learning. Metaphysics of MI Multiple Intelligences is one of the educational theories which serve as guiding principles in education. The basic knowledge which became the foundation of the theory originated from the two streams of the research conducted by Howard Gardner in 1970, the Project Zero. He also wrote the â€Å"Frame of Mind† in 1983 based on the said research. Gardner’s view is based on biological perspective mainly the collection of cognitive competences which originally was seven and became nine distinct concepts. His theory mainly explored the manner by which human intelligence works in terms of analyzing and the context by which such frames of mind were exhibited (Dixon & McPhee, n.d.). Epistemology of MI The theory of MI, according Gardner, was based on the consideration of the educational philosophers’ views before him. ... ization, work with brain damaged patients, gifted children and other form or conditions which can cause variation in terms of intelligence on the basis of Gardner’s definition. The second foundation of the theory of MI is the relationship of between the forms of intelligences to the human cultural contexts considered to trigger or to exhibit them (Dixon & McPhee, n.d.). There are different forms of intelligences included in Gardner’s theory namely spatial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic forms (Slavin, 2008). Linguistic Intelligence. One of the main forms of intelligence is related to the verbal aspect of development or the linguistic intelligence. Included in the said form are the spoken or written words and other faculties of language. The main contexts of linguistic intelligence are reading, writing, telling stories, vocabulary and memorization of words and dates. Strengths include reading, taking notes, listening to lectures, discussion and debate, and learning new languages (Slavin, 2008). It is one of the basic forms of intelligence based on Gardner which according to him can be observed in the â€Å"work and vision of a poet† (Dixon & McPhee, n.d.). Musical Intelligence. The musical intelligence is also referred to as rhythmic intelligence because it is related to pith rhythm and timbre. Based on data gathered by Gardner, the musical ability is distinct from other forms of intelligence, thus, students can be motivated through music-related activities. Also included in the strengths of musical intelligent learners are drama and role playing (Dixon & McPhee, n.d.). Spatial intelligence. One of the forms of intelligence is spatial intelligence which arms a person to comprehend the world

Wikis as Education Tool Essay Example for Free

Wikis as Education Tool Essay With the development of today’s technology, it has allowed the creation and proliferation of information in a more convenient manner. Due to this, individuals have used this towards achieving competency and gaining the necessary foundation for learning that paves the way for improvement. Seeing this, instruments such as â€Å"wikis† have allowed the creation and further expansion of data. By taking into consideration the advantages of this mechanism in education, it can further harness the way educational goals are administered and achieved. The development of the term ‘wiki’ in education started in 2006. It is composed of information that is subject for changes and improvement on a particular subject given. â€Å"Wikis are more versatile than a class blog, because blogs are typically one way communication and Wikis are updated by teachers and students† (Wetzel, 2008, p. 1). Since this idea is powered by the internet, it allows people to actively collaborate and contribute both information and insights on a subject, thus widening the horizons for change (Baird and Nye, 2009). Its creation originates from a posting of a particular topic of interest. Under this, the user then allows his/her work to be subject to editing and updating on areas that need further expansion. â€Å"Wikis improve upon more traditional modes of writing collaboration like sharing paper and document files since a wiki page is shared on the Internet and easily accessed and edited online† (Baird and Nye, 2009, p. 1). At the same time, since its creation, it has adopted new approaches that have made this process more user-friendly and applicable to all. â€Å"The use of hyperlinks, tables, images, media, as well as incorporating the customized layout that we see with carefully designed web sites is present in wikis† (Baird and Nye, 2009, p. 1). Looking closely at the content associated with ‘wikis’, the topics offer a myriad of information that students can deem to contribute. It can look into areas of Natural Sciences such as Biology, Physics, Chemsitry, etc. or other topics such as History, Mathematics, Religion, and Sociology. The presence of this diverse subject matter exemplifies its potential in creating an active environment for learning and enhances educational goals and objectives (Elgort, 2007). That is why continuing strategies should be explored to actively tap on its strengths and capability as an instrument for teaching and facilitation. Realizing the relevance of such approach in education, I feel that it can be an essential device for intensifying training and facilitate learning. In doing this, I need to understand the parameters and scope of what my subject of interest would be. After this, I have to actively link this on how I wish to use ‘wikis’ to encourage cooperation among my target students. â€Å"Decisions need to be made not only about how information is structured but also what navigational support is provided to the reader, and these decisions are crucial to the ways in which the reader interacts with the wiki† (Elgrot, 2007, p. 234). I feel that this is an initial step in making sure that the initiative is in-line with the objective, needs and standards mandated. After this, the next step involves the creation of an active system wherein students can explore the meaning of the subject and point out their relative inputs and understanding based on the information provided. This means that communication and interaction via the website is an important agenda to consider. By highlighting areas wherein changes or modifications can happen, it can increase the likelihood of participation and further acquisition of knowledge and information. To conclude, the creation of wikis is one instrument that technology has provided to humans today. By actively exploring its capabilities, it can be seen that this setup can be applied to intensify and increase learning objectives. At the same time, as people realize the relevance of such practice, it can be an alternative approach in education which can make it adaptive to 21st century trends. References Baird, R. and Nye, M. (2009) Beyond Wikepedia: Wikis as Learning Tools in CITES EdTech.Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. cites. illinois. edu/edtech/newsletters_articles/articles/baird/beyond_wikipedia-spr09. html Elgort, I. (2007) Using wikis as a learning tool in higher education in ascilite. [online] Retrieved May 11, 2009. 233-238. Wetzel, D. R. (2008) Using Wiki Technology to Engage Students: Educational Technology Strategies for Creativity and Collaboration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from, http://teachertipstraining. suite101. com/article. cfm/using_wiki_technology_to_engage_students

A Career As A Bricklayer :: Free Essay Writer

A good career for me would be a bricklayer. Bricklayers make a lot of money but it’s also a lot of work. It’s a job that most people wouldn’t necessarily enjoy but on the other hand you would make a lot of money, about $14-$18 an hour. (WOIS p ) A quote from my sister who works at Big Kmart is, â€Å"People work at jobs they don’t enjoy just so they can make a lot of money.† I think I could do the job well. Three reasons I think I could do the job well are, I’m a good worker, I have a lot of energy, and I know a lot about bricks. With these three reasons in mind, it would be good to think of a bricklayer as a career for me. I think that I would be a really good bricklayer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m a good worker. If you were to give me a job to do then I would do it and do it well. If I’m focused and determined to do the job, I will get the job done successfully. That’s pretty much all there is to it. If you told me to build a wall out of bricks, for example, I’m the kind of person who will be right on the job. I’ll just start working then I’ll work until the wall or whatever it may be is built. Now everyone has days that they are tired but they still have to work. Let’s say I was tired, I would work not only because I had to but because I would care so much about my job to do my absolute best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my whole life I have had a somewhat large amount of energy. That means that I can do something for a long period of time, without getting tired. Bricklayers work different amounts of hours all the time. It depends on the project and on who you are working for. A lot of bricklayers are self employed so they work what they want to. So it really depends on what exactly you are doing (WOIS p ). I could work long hours, that is another reason why I’d be good at my job. Most people would hire you for the job if they know that you will get the job done in a reasonable amount of time doing a fair job. My sister says that, â€Å"One of the most important aspects about a job is having a good reputation. If your boss knows you will do the job and do it well then you should be

History of Nursing

Nursing has been called the oldest of arts and the youngest of professions (Donahue, 1996). In ancient periods because of maternal instinct women were considered born nurses. They cared for their own family and trained their daughters and other women in their community in the procedures in which they specialized. In the 16th century the meanings nursing included â€Å"a person, or a woman who waits upon or tends to the sick†. During the 19th century, nursing was considered training of those who tend to the sick and carrying out duties under direction of a physician (Donahue, 1996). Today, nursing has become both an art and a science. It focuses on health promotion, professionalism, skills, knowledge and education. It is now a career of all genders and races and one of the highest growing professions in the United States. To understand how nursing has arrived we must first review where nursing has come from. In this paper you will learn about nursing before Florence Nightingale, the reforms that Florence made that changed nursing as a profession, and Innovations in nursing as it continue to evolve. Nursing has its origins in Christianity. According to Joyce (2002), some of the earliest nurses and individuals who ran hospitals were Catholic nuns and monks. Deacons and deaconesses of the church were trained as nurses and went out into the community to provide nursing care. In the 1840s, nursing- sisterhoods were founded to improve standards of nursing in Britain (Joyce, 2002). This organization was of the Catholic nursing order. According to Joyce (2002), St. John's House was an Anglican Nursing Sisterhood founded in 1848, it provided nurses to care for the sick in their own homes. This is considered one of the first training schools. They trained nurses for private work but they gained experience in hospital wards (Joyce, 2002). In the 17th and 18th century, the infirmaries were local houses used for providing employment for the destitute. During this time most people who needed nursing were nursed at home. Those who were not nursed at home ended up in workhouses, with primitive wards, for the sick and infirm. Some of the older hospitals were rebuilt often by private benefactors (Grell, 1997). They appointed private contractors who looked after the parish's poor. The individuals would then be employed and in return would receive board and lodging. The infirmaries were often filled with patients from the hospitals who could not be cured. They became so bad that only those who had resigned themselves to death would stay. Usually the infirmary was a freezing cold and draughty room. There were iron beds with thin mattresses, the only furniture in the room. The sick were not cared for properly, the volunteer hospitals were unable to cope with the increasing population and there were no facilities for training nurses (French and Wear, 1991). The growth of the 18th century brought overcrowding in the cities which increased the spread of disease. The building of railways in the vicinity led to the admission of many accident cases and often to a rise in the sepsis rate. Due to the overcrowding in hospitals; bedsores, malnutrition, and infections were everyday occurrences (Grell, 1997). Nurses were seen differently during the eighteenth century. They were not perceived as medical practitioners but as domestic servants. According to Grell (1997), nurses were inferior largely because nursing was historically subservient roles before the 1800’s. The people staffed as nurses were traditionally convicts, widows, and orphans in exchange for food and shelter. Nurses were poorly trained, poorly paid, and the ill were cruelly treated and abused and neglected (Grell, 1997). Charles Dickens novel, â€Å"The Life and Adventures of Marin Chuzzlewit†, tells of Sarah Gamp, a fictional nurse portrayed as an alcoholic who is a nurse midwife and layer out of the dead. She enjoys all of the hospitality given to her with no regard to the individuals to which she is hired to care for. According to the story nurses were ignorant, drunk, and lazy (Dickens, 2011). Although nursing care reform was a concern there were definite issues such as pay, workload, and recruiting quality individuals. The threat of nurse values arose concerning nursing care of the sick, so did the push for change in the quality of nurse selection. The domestic organization was under the direction of a Matron, recruited from a higher order of society and paid according to the position. Nurses were appointed by matrons who tried to find women of good character. According to French and Wear, in 1845 the matron of the Middlesex told the weekly board how she chose nurses. â€Å"They should be between 30 and 45 years of age, strong, healthy, unmarried and unencumbered with children. They should be accustomed to nursing, able to read and write, humane, honest, sober and clean in their work and person (French and Wear, 1991, 268)†. The nature and duties of patient care also was re-evaluated. The duties concerning patient care were the manual tasks of administering food and medicine, changing linen and emptying bedpans, and they also did the basic hospital cleaning (French and Wear, 1991). Pay being low, recruitment was difficult and many nurses were discharged for taking bribes or rollicking with the patients. The ward sisters, were principal nurses in immediate personal response on patients they played the key role. They were responsible to the matron and the steward for everything within the ward which was not a matter for the medical staff. They received differential rate of pay as senior nurses or sisters, typically in the range of five to ten pounds per annum 11 (French and Wear, 1991). By day the nurses performed domestic duties and administered to the wants of the patients. At night ‘watchers’ of a yet lower class supervised the wards, calling the sister who slept nearby if there was an important change in the condition of a patient. If watchers lay down or slept they were instantly discharged. The wages were comparable with the wages of a domestic servant and in certain areas lower (French and Wear, 1991). Reform took its shape in areas of parliament and government concerning wages. According to French and Wear (1991), many nurses required the sick or dying individual to pay them money before they would administer any care. This had become problematic, the Royal Infirmary Governor pushed to raise the wage for nurses. This wage increase would involve the nurse to discontinue this practice and was used to recruit and retain better nurses who took pride in their appearance and character. The change in recruitment strategy was to recruit women from a higher social class (French and Wear, 1991).